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俗話說一兩田黃十兩金

您買的田黃 是十兩真金 還是地上踩的「黃金」！？

近日有多位客戶送驗印石雕刻物件，購買時皆以「田黃」名義購入，實際上，市場中流通的「田黃」，上至拍賣會，下至市井攤商所販售多充斥著仿品！以科學鑑定且參考中國國家珠寶玉石質檢標準，鑑定田黃石第一步是確認其礦物成分。壽山石品種成分眾多，包含地開石、葉蠟石、絹雲母、伊利石等不同類型，田黃石基本需符合成分為地開石，9成以上的仿田黃在成分上就不符。成分確立後，下一步則是確認符合「田坑石」的特徵，型態上多屬磨圓後的塊狀，無稜角，且因其常埋土壤中，因物理風化與化學作用，多具有石皮且裂隙鐵染，另外還有紅筋、格紋等特徵。有一些其他品種的壽山石雖成分為地開石，但結構不同、產狀有異因而也不屬田黃之歸類(例如杜陵石也是地開石但具有水線構造所以不是田黃)。市場上的仿田黃種類包羅萬有，人造樹脂仿品、染色滑石(萊州石)、染色石膏(青海石)、錳方解石、染色斜綠泥石(遼石)和石英等。雖然這些仿品成分不同於田黃，但折射率、比重或硬度等測試也未必能完全區分。早期收藏界多採用福建壽山石雕刻廠所開立之證明，但老師傅肉眼鑑定由於出錯太多，目前已受到越來越多質疑與挑戰。消費者想購買這類印材石除了認明可靠商家以外，多跑幾家擁有完整高階儀器的專業鑑定所也是必須的。若想瞭解更多關於壽山石-田黃石的專業知識，可參考「實用寶石學」一書中的天然印石章節。

Recently, many clients sent stamp stones to TULAB for identification which are claimed to be Tianhuang stone by seller. In practice, most of the Tianhuang stones in the market are simulants instead of real Tianhuang stone. On the basis of scientific identification and Chinese National Standards, the first step for identicying Tianhuang stones is to check its mineral composition. Tianhuang stone is composed of polycrystalline dickite; over 90% of simulants are not dickite. Next step is to check the occurrence and exterior features; Most of Tianhuang stones are rounded in shape; there is usually iron oxide deposition in surface fissures and the crust of Tianhuang stones. Some Shoushan stones are composed of dickite, too; however, they can not be defined as Tianhuang stone unless with the same occurrence and from the same origin. For example, Duling stone are polycrystalline dickite with flowing structures of similar color or transparency to Tianhuang stone. There are many kinds of Tianhuang simulants, such as plastics, dyed talc, dyed gypsum, calcite, dyed clinochlor and quartz. Though these simulants are of different composition and properties with Tianhuang stone, it is difficult to identify all the simulants by traditional gemological tests. In the past, collectors preferred Tianhuang-stone certificate from Shoushan-stone carving factory in Fujian Province, China. Nowadays, identification with high-tech instrument such as raman analyzer, EDXRF or FTIR, is more popular for the market.

各種礦物成分不同的田黃類似石

Tianhuang-stone simulants of different mineral composition

不同品種的地開石: 田黃石與杜陵石，杜陵石有特徵性的流水線構造

Different variety of dickite: Tianhuang stone and Duling stone, flowing structure is the characteristics of Duling stone.

不同田黃類似石的寶石學性質比較表。

Table for gemological properties of Tianhuang-stone simulants.